Josei manga (女性漫ç"», lit. comics for women, pronounced [dÊ'osei]) also known as "ladies" (レディース, redÄ«su) or "ladies' comics" (レディコミ, redikomi, lit. "LadyComi") is a type of manga created mostly by women for late teenage and adult female audiences. Readers range from 15 to 44. In Japanese, the word josei means simply "woman", "female", "feminine", "womanhood" and has no manga-related connotations at all.
Josei comics can portray realistic romance, as opposed to the mostly idealized romance of shÅjo manga, but it does not always have to be. Josei tends to be both more sexually explicit and contain more mature storytelling, although that is not always true either. It is also not unusual for themes such as infidelity and rape to occur in josei manga targeted specifically more towards mature audiences. Some other famously popular josei series include Yun Kouga's Loveless, Ai Yazawa's Paradise Kiss, and the award-winning works of Erica Sakurazawa.
Josei, being targeted to older audience, often differs in style and tone from shÅjo manga, which is aimed at younger girls. For example, in recent years, the most popular josei series have featured male protagonists and a main cast of nearly all men and the male characters of a josei series are often quite compassionate toward other men. Although some josei manga can feature plots and characters influenced by shÅjo, others feature action-packed stories, and lack the romantic and slice of life elements typical of shÅjo.
The josei series that become anime are often noted (and criticized) for their tendency to feature homoerotic themes, often because of a large misinterpretation of the demographic origin. Josei has come to a point where it is often mistaken for shounen when adapted to an anime. Series such as 07-Ghost, Hakkenden: Eight Dogs of the East, or (most recently) Karneval are josei series that seem to attract a large amount of discussion from audience members that are unaware of the meaning of a josei status.
The westernized approach to josei has all but eclipsed its most recent evolution toward shÅnen manga: subdued yaoi hybrid insinuations. Older josei series, such as Nana, featuring the classic, more mature shojo approach, remain to be the only licensed examples of the demographic, thus the popular misconception of modern josei. Yaoi, as a genre geared toward the same audience as josei, is the sole homosexually oriented manga represented in the west. As such, the blanket conception of yaoi as a singularly outlying interest for the "strange" josei audience remains to be a popular assumption, when in fact, most mainstream josei is neither akin to shojo, nor akin to graphic yaoi.
The very celebrated josei comic magazine, Monthly Comic Zero Sum features the most popular series that are readily attributed to the status of a josei work. These include Makai ÅŒji: Devils and Realist, 07-Ghost, Loveless, Karneval, Are You Alice?, and +C: Sword and Cornett, three of which have been turned into anime, all of which are leading examples of josei's notably unique characteristics.
Circulations
The reported average circulations for some of the top-selling josei manga magazines in 2007 are as follows:
For comparison, here are the circulations for the top-selling magazines in other categories for 2007.
(Source for all circulation figures: Japan Magazine Publishers Association)
History
Josei manga (then called Ladies Comics, or Redikomi) began to appear in the 1980s, during a boom period in manga, when the girls who had read shÅjo manga in the 1950s and 60s wanted manga for adult women. The first ladies comic magazine, Be-Love, was printed in 1980. At the end of 1980 there were two ladies comics magazines, at the end of 1989 there were over fifty. Early ladies comics were sexually free, and the comics became more and more sexually extreme until the early 1990s. Manga branded as "Ladies' Comics" has acquired a reputation for being low-brow, and "dirty", and the term josei was created to move away from that image.
Examples
See also
- Children's (Kodomo): intended for younger children
- ShÅnen manga: intended for boys
- ShÅjo manga: intended for girls
- Seinen: intended for adult males
- List of Josei manga magazines
- Yaoi: homoerotic stories about men in love for female audiences
References
Further reading
- Fusami Ogi, 2003: "Female Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics". The Journal of Popular Culture, Volume 36, Issue 4, pages 780â€"803. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00045.
- Gretchen Jones, 2003: "'Ladies' Comics': Japan's Not-So-Underground Market in Pornography for Women", US-Japan Women's Journal English Supplement, Volume 22, pages 3â€"30.
- Deborah Shamoon, "Office Sluts and Rebel Flowers: The Pleasures of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women", in: Porn Studies, ed. Linda Williams, 2004.
- Gretchen Jones, "Bad Girls Like to Watch: Writing and Reading Ladies' Comics", in: Bad Girls of Japan, ed. Laura Miller and Jan Bardsley, 2005.
- Jonathan Clements, "Living Happily Never After in Women's Manga", in Manga & Philosophy, ed. Josef Steiff and Adam Barkman, 2010.
Posting Komentar