Kami

Kami (Japanese: 神) are the spirits or phenomena that are worshipped in the religion of Shinto. They are elements in nature, animals, creationary forces in the universe, as well as spirits of the revered deceased. Many Kami are considered the ancient ancestors of entire clans, and some ancestors became Kami upon their death if they were able to embody the values and virtues of Kami in life. Traditionally, great or charismatic leaders like the Emperor could be kami.

In Shinto, Kami are not separate from nature, but are of nature, possessing positive and negative, good and evil characteristics. They are manifestations of musubi (結び), the interconnecting energy of the universe, and are considered exemplary of what humanity should strive towards. Kami are believed to be “hidden” from this world, and inhabit a complementary existence that mirrors our own, shinkai [the world of the Kami] (神界). To be in harmony with the awe inspiring aspects of nature is to be conscious of kannagara no michi [the way of the Kami] (随神のé" or 惟神のé").

Though the word Kami is translated in multiple ways into English, no one English word expresses its full meaning. In this way, the ambiguity of the meaning of Kami is necessary, as it conveys the ambiguous nature of Kami themselves.

Etymology

Kami is the Japanese word for a god, deity, divinity, or spirit. It has been used to describe "mind" (心霊), "God" (ゴッド), "supreme being" (至上者), "one of the Shinto deities", an effigy, a principle and anything that is worshipped.

Although gods "deity" is the common interpretation of kami, some Shinto scholars argue that such a translation can cause a misunderstanding of the term. The wide variety of usage of the word can be compared to the Sanskrit Deva and the Hebrew Elohim, which also refer to God, gods, angels or spirits.

Some etymological suggestions are:

• Kami may, at its root, simply mean "spirit", or an aspect of spirituality. It is written with the kanji "神", Sino-Japanese reading shin or jin. In Chinese, the character means "deity".
• An apparently cognate form, perhaps a loanword, occurs in the Ainu language as kamuy and refers to an animistic concept very similar to Japanese kami.
• Following the discovery of the Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai it is now known that the medieval word Kami (上) meaning "above" is a false cognate with the modern kami (Buk Lao), and the etymology of "heavenly beings" is therefore incorrect.
• In his Kojiki-den, Motoori Norinaga gave a definition of kami: "...any being whatsoever which possesses some eminent quality out of the ordinary, and is awe-inspiring, is called Kami."

Because Japanese does not normally distinguish grammatical number in nouns, it is sometimes unclear whether Kami refers to a single or multiple entities. When a singular concept is needed, "-kami" (神) or "-kamisama" (神様) is used as a suffix. The logograms for kami-sama are those used for shén yàng in Pŭtōnghuà; kami-sama can be used for a divinity, or for an outstanding human, such as Tezuka Osamu, "the god of manga." The term generally used to refer to multiple Kami is Kamigami.

Gender is also not implied in the word Kami, and as such it can be used to reference either male or female. The word "megami" (女神), the use of female Kami is a fairly new tradition.

History

While Shinto has no founder, no overarching doctrine, and no religious texts, the Kojiki (the Ancient Chronicles of Japan), written in 712 CE, and the Nihonshoki (Chronicles of Japan), written in 720 CE, contain the earliest record of Japanese creation myths. The Kojiki also includes descriptions of various Kami.

In the ancient Shinto traditions there were 5 defining characteristics of Kami.

1. Kami are of two minds. They can nurture and love when respected, or they can cause destruction and disharmony when disregarded. Kami must be appeased in order to gain their favor and avoid their wrath. Traditionally, Kami possess two souls, one gentle (nigi-mitama) and the other assertive (ara-mitama); additionally in Yamakage Shinto kami have two additional souls that are hidden, one happy (sachi-mitama) and one mysterious (kushi-mitama).
2. Kami are not visible to the human realm. Instead they inhabit sacred places, natural phenomena or people during rituals that ask for their blessing.
3. They are mobile, visiting their places of worship, of which there can be several, but never staying forever.
4. There are many different varieties of Kami. There are 300 different classifications of Kami listed in the Kojiki, and they all have different functions, such as the Kami of wind, Kami of entryways, and Kami of roads.
5. Lastly, all Kami have a different guardianship or duty to the people around them. Just as the people have an obligation to keep the Kami happy, the Kami have to perform the specific function of the object, place, or idea they inhabit.

Kami are an ever-changing concept, but their presence in Japanese life has remained constant. The Kami’s earliest roles were as earth-based spirits, assisting the early hunter-gatherer groups in their daily lives, worshipped as gods of earth (mountains) and sea. As the cultivation of rice became increasingly important and predominant in Japan the Kami’s identity shifted to more sustaining roles that were directly involved in the growth of crops, such as rain, earth, and rice. This relationship between early Japanese people and the Kami was manifested in rituals and ceremonies meant to entreat the Kami to grow and protect the harvest. These rituals also became a symbol of power and strength for the early emperors. (See Niinamesai).

There is a strong tradition of myth-histories in the Shinto faith; one such myth details the appearance of the first emperor, grandson of the Sun Goddess Amaterasu. In this myth when Amaterasu sends her grandson to earth to rule she gave him five rice grains, which had been grown in the fields of heaven (Takamagahara). This rice made it possible for him to transform the “wilderness”.

Social and political strife have played a key role in the development of new sorts of Kami, specifically the goryo-shin (the sacred spirit Kami). The goryo are the vengeful spirits of the dead whose lives were cut short, but they were calmed by the devotion of Shinto followers and are now believed to punish those who do not honor the Kami.

The pantheon of Kami, like the Kami themselves, is forever changing in definition and scope. As the needs of the people have shifted, so too have the domains and roles of the various Kami. Some examples of this are related to health, such as the Kami of small pox whose role was expanded to include all contagious diseases, or the Kami of boils and growths who has also come to preside over cancers and cancer treatments.

In the ancient animistic religions, Kami were understood as simply the divine forces of nature. Worshippers in ancient Japan revered creations of nature which exhibited a particular beauty and power such as waterfalls, mountains, boulders, animals, trees, grasses and even rice paddies. They strongly believed the spirits or resident Kami deserved respect.

Shinto belief

Kami are the central objects of worship for the Shinto faith. The ancient animistic spirituality of Japan was the beginning of modern Shinto, which became a formal spiritual institution later in an effort to preserve the traditional beliefs from encroachment of imported religious ideas. As a result, the nature of what can be called Kami is very general and encompasses many different concepts and phenomena.

Some of the objects or phenomena designated as Kami are qualities of growth, fertility, and production; natural phenomena like wind and thunder; natural objects like the sun, mountains, rivers, trees, and rocks; some animals; and ancestral spirits. Included within the designation of ancestral spirits are spirits of the ancestors of the Imperial House of Japan, but also ancestors of noble families as well as the spirits of the ancestors of all people, which when they died were believed to be the guardians of their descendants.

There are other spirits designated as Kami as well. For example, the guardian spirits of the land, occupations, and skills; spirits of Japanese heroes, men of outstanding deeds or virtues, and those who have contributed to civilization, culture and human welfare; those who have died for the state or the community; and the pitiable dead. Not only spirits superior to man can be considered Kami, but also spirits that are considered pitiable or weak have been considered Kami in Shinto.

The concept of Kami has been changed and refined since ancient times, although anything that was considered to be Kami by ancient people will still be considered Kami in modern Shinto. Even within modern Shinto, there are no clearly defined criteria for what should or should not be worshipped as Kami. The difference between modern Shinto and the ancient animistic religions is mainly a refinement of the Kami-concept, rather than a difference in definitions.

Although the ancient designations are still adhered to, in modern Shinto many priests also consider Kami to be anthropomorphic spirits, with nobility and authority. These include such mythological figures as Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess of the Shinto pantheon. Although these Kami can be considered deities, they are not necessarily considered omnipotent or omniscient, and like the Greek Gods, they had flawed personalities and were quite capable of ignoble acts. In the myths of Amaterasu, for example, she could see the events of the human world, but had to use divination rituals to see the future.

There are considered to be three main variations of Kami, amatsu-kami ("the heavenly deities"), kunitsu-kami ("the gods of the earthly realm")ya-o-yorozu no kami (八百万の神, countless kami). ("八百万" literally means eight million, but idiomatically it expresses "uncountably many" and "all around"â€"like many East Asian cultures, the Japanese often use the number 8, representing the cardinal and ordinal directions, to symbolize ubiquity.) These classifications are not considered strictly divided, due to the fluid and shifting nature of Kami, but are instead held as guidelines for grouping Kami.

The ancestors of a particular family can also be worshipped as Kami. In this sense, these Kami are worshipped not because of their godly powers, but because of a distinctive quality or virtue. These Kami are celebrated regionally, and several miniature shrines (hokora) have been built in their honor. In many cases, people who once lived are thus revered; an example of this is Tenjin, who was Sugawara no Michizane (845-903) in life.

Within Shinto, it is believed that the nature of life is sacred because the Kami began human life. Yet, man cannot perceive this divine nature, which the Kami created, on his own; therefore, magokoro, or purification, is necessary in order to see the divine nature. This purification can only be granted by the Kami. In order to please the Kami and earn magokoro, Shinto followers are taught to uphold the four affirmations of Shinto.

The first affirmation is to hold on to tradition and the family. Family is seen as the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved. For instance, with marriages or births, traditions can be practiced repeatedly. The second affirmation is to have a love of nature. Nature objects are worshipped as sacred because the Kami live within them. Therefore, to be in contact with nature means to be in contact with the gods. The third affirmation is to maintain physical cleanliness. Followers of Shinto take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouths often. The last affirmation is to practice matsuri, which is the worship and honor given to the Kami and the ancestral spirits.

Additionally, Shinto followers believe that the Kami are the ones who can either grant blessings or curses to a person. Shinto believers desire to appease the evil Kami to 'stay on their good side,' and also to please the good Kami. In addition to practicing the four affirmations daily, Shinto believers also wear omamori to aid them in remaining pure and protected. Mamori are charms that keep the evil kami from striking a human with sickness or causing disaster to befall him.

The Kami are both worshipped and respected within the religion of Shinto. The goal of life to Shinto believers is to obtain magokoro, a pure sincere heart, which can only be granted by the Kami. As a result, Shinto followers are taught that humankind should venerate both the living and the nonliving, because both possess a divine superior spirit within: the Kami.

Ceremonies and festivals

One of the first recorded rituals we know of is Niinamesai, the ceremony in which the emperor offers newly harvested rice to the kami to secure their blessing for a bountiful harvest. The yearly festival, Niinamesai, is also performed when a new emperor comes to power, in which case it is called Onamesai. In the ceremony the emperor offers crops from the new harvest to the kami, including rice, fish, fruits, soup and stew. The emperor first feasts with the deities, then the guests. The feast could go on for some time, for example the Showa Emperor’s feast spanned two days.

Visitors to a Shinto shrine follow a purification ritual before presenting themselves to the kami. This ritual begins with hand washing, and swallowing a small amount of water in front of the shrine to purify the body, heart, and mind. Once this is complete they turn their focus to gaining the kami’s attention. The traditional method of doing this is to bow twice, clap twice and bow again, alerting the kami to their presence and desire to commune with them. During the last bow, the supplicant offers words of gratitude and praise to the kami; if they are offering a prayer for aid they will also state their name and address. After the prayer and/or worship they repeat the two bows, two claps and a final bow in conclusion.

Shinto practitioners also worship at home. This is done at a kamidana (house hold shrine), on which an ofuda (kami name card or charm card) with the name of their protector or ancestral kami is positioned. Their protector kami is determined by their or their ancestors’ relationship to the kami.

Ascetic practices, shrine rituals and ceremonies and Japanese festivals are the most public ways that Shinto devotees celebrate and offer adoration for the kami. Kami are celebrated during their distinct festivals that usually take place at the shrines dedicated to their worship. Many festivals involve believers, who are usually intoxicated, parading, sometimes running, toward the shrine while carrying mikoshi (portable shrines) as the community gathers for the festival ceremony. Yamamoto Guji, the high priest at the Tsubaki Grand Shrine, explains that this practice honors the kami because “it is in the festival, the matsuri, the greatest celebration of life can be seen in the world of Shinto and it is the people of the community who attend festivals as groups, as a whole village who are seeking to unlock the human potential as children of kami.” During the New Year Festival is when families purify and clean their houses in preparation for the upcoming year. Offerings are also made to the ancestors so that they will bless the family in the future year.

Shinto ceremonies are so long and complex that in some temples it can take ten years for the priests to learn them. The priesthood was traditionally hereditary. Some temples have drawn their priests from the same families for over a hundred generations. It is not uncommon for the clergy to be female priestesses. The priests may be assisted by miko, young unmarried women acting as shrine maidens. Neither priests nor priestesses live as ascetics; in fact, it is common for them to be married, and they are not traditionally expected to meditate. Rather, they are considered specialists in the arts of maintaining the connection between the kami and the people.

In addition to these festivals, ceremonies marking rites of passage are also performed within the shrines. Two such ceremonies are the birth of a child and the Shichi-Go-San. When a child is born he is brought to a shrine so that he can be initiated as a new believer and the kami can bless him and his future life. The Shichi-Go-San, the Seven-Five-Three, is a rite of passage for five-year-old boys and three- or seven-year-old girls. It is a time for these young children to personally offer thanks for the kami’s protection and to pray for continued health.

Many other rites of passage and festivals are practiced by Shinto believers. The main reason for these ceremonies is so that Shinto followers can appease the kami in order to reach magokoro. Magokoro can only be received through the kami. Ceremonies and festivals are long and complex because they need to be perfect to satisfy the kami. If the kami are not pleased with these ceremonies, they will not grant a Shinto believer magokoro.

Notable kami

• Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess
• Hachiman, the god of war
• Inari Okami, god of rice and agriculture
• Izanagi-no-Mikoto, the first man
• Izanami-no-Mikoto, the first woman
• Kotoamatsukami, the primary kami trinity
• Omoikane, the deity of wisdom
• Sarutahiko Okami, kami of earth
• Susanoo-no-mikoto, the sea and storms god
• Tsukuyomi, the moon god
• RyÅ«jin, the Japanese dragon god of sea and storms

In popular culture

See also

• Names of God in China
• Genius loci and Numen, similar concepts of ancient Rome
• Kamuy
• List of Shinto kami
• Religion in Japan

Notes

1. ^ Tamura (2000:25)
2. ^ ^{a b c} Boyd, James W., and Ron G. Williams. 2005. "Japanese Shintō: An Interpretation Of A Priestly Perspective." Philosophy East & West 55.1, 33-63.
3. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 22.
4. ^ Denshi Jisho Japanese Translation Dictionary http://jisho.org/kanji/details/神
5. ^ Weblio, Inc., 2013 http://ejje.weblio.jp/english-thesaurus/content/%E7%A5%9E
6. ^ Ono, 1962
7. ^ https://tw.dictionary.yahoo.com/dictionary?p=%E7%A5%9E
8. ^ Gall, Robert S. 1999. "Kami And Daimon: A Cross-Cultural Reflection On What Is Divine." Philosophy East & West 49.1, 63.
9. ^ "shén", "yàng" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
10. ^ "Osamu Tezuka" in Anime News Network Encyclopedia http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopediapeople.php?id=883 .
11. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pgs. 210,211.
12. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 39.
13. ^ ^{a b} Araki, Michio. "Kami." Encyclopedia of Religion.
14. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 130.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1991. "The Emperor Of Japan As Deity (Kami)." Ethnology 30.3.
16. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 150.
17. ^ See: Yasukuni Shrine.
18. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 56.
19. ^ Shinto.” Religionfacts. 18 January 2008. 14 November 2010 http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm
20. ^ ^{a b} “Shinto.” Religionfacts. 18 January 2008. 14 November 2010 http://www.religionfacts.com/shinto/index.htm
21. ^ ^{a b} Dean C. Halverson, The Compact Guide to World Religions (House Publishers. Bloomington, Minnesota, 1996)pg 205
22. ^ Lewis M. Hopfe, Mark R. Woodward, Religions of the World (9th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005)
23. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pg. 197.
24. ^ Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. pgs. 28,84.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} "Shinshoku." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 12 July 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/540847/shinshoku
26. ^ Mori, Barbara. 2009. "Shinto, the Way of the Gods." calpoly.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2013. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~bmori/syll/Hum310japan/Shinto.html
27. ^ B.A. Robinson, “Shinto, an ancient Japanese religion.” Religioustolerance.org. 25 October 2010. 14 November 2010. http://www.religioustolerance.org/shinto.htm

References

• Chamberlain, Basil H., tr. 1919. The Kojiki, Records of Ancient Matters. Asiatic Society of Japan.
• Clarke, Roger. 2000. "What are the little monsters up to?". The Independent 7 April 2000.
• Fisher, Mary P., 2008. Living Religions seventh Edition.
• Ono, Sokyo. 2003. Shinto: The Kami Way, Tuttle Publishing.
• Tamura, Yoshiro (2000). "The Birth of the Japanese nation in". Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History (First ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 4-333-01684-3. 
• Weblio, Inc. (2013), Weblio, Weblio, Inc. .
• Denshi Jisho (2013) Denshi Jisho
• Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1991. "The Emperor Of Japan As Deity (Kami)." Ethnology 30.3.
• Araki, Michio. "Kami." Ed. Lindsay Jones. Encyclopedia of Religion. 2005. 2nd ed. Vol. 8. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 5071-5074.
• Yamakage, Motohisa Paul De Leeuw, and Aidan Rankin. The Essence of Shinto: Japan's Spiritual Heart. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 2006. ISBN 4770030444
• Gall, Robert S. 1999. "Kami And Daimon: A Cross-Cultural Reflection On What Is Divine." Philosophy East & West 49.1, 63.
• Boyd, James W., and Ron G. Williams. 2005. "Japanese Shintō: An Interpretation Of A Priestly Perspective." Philosophy East & West 55.1, 33-63.
• Mori, Barbara. 2009. "Shinto, The Way Of The Gods." calpoly.edu. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
• "Shinshoku." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

External links

• Introduction: Kami, Encyclopedia of Shinto
• Kami, Gods of Japan
• Evolution of the Concept of Kami, Itō Mikiharu