Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry

Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry (French:Â [É'Ìƒtwan dÉ™ sÉ›ÌƒtÉ›É¡zypeÊi]), officially Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, comte de Saint ExupÃ©ry (29 June 1900Â â€" 31 July 1944) was a French aristocrat, writer, poet, and pioneering aviator. He became a laureate of several of France's highest literary awards and also won the U.S. National Book Award. He is best remembered for his novella The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince) and for his lyrical aviation writings, including Wind, Sand and Stars and Night Flight.

Saint-ExupÃ©ry was a successful commercial pilot before World War II, working airmail routes in Europe, Africa and South America. At the outbreak of war, he joined the French Air Force (ArmÃ©e de l'Air), flying reconnaissance missions until France's armistice with Germany in 1940. After being demobilised from the French Air Force, he travelled to the United States to persuade its government to enter the war against Nazi Germany. Following a 27-month hiatus in North America, during which he wrote three of his most important works, he joined the Free French Air Force in North Africa, although he was far past the maximum age for such pilots and in declining health. He disappeared over the Mediterranean on his last assigned reconnaissance mission in July 1944, and is believed to have died at that time.

Prior to the war, Saint-ExupÃ©ry had achieved fame in France as an aviator. His literary works â€" among them The Little Prince, translated into over 250 languages and dialects â€" posthumously boosted his stature to national hero status in France. He earned further widespread recognition with international translations of his other works. His 1939 philosophical memoir Terre des hommes became the name of a major international humanitarian group, and was also used to create the central theme (Terre des hommesâ€"Man and His World) of the most successful world's fair of the 20th century, Expo 67 in Montreal, Canada.

Youth and aviation

Saint-ExupÃ©ry was born in Lyon to an aristocratic family that could trace its lineage back several centuries. He was the third of five children of the Countess Marie de Fonscolombe and Count Jean de Saint ExupÃ©ry (1863â€"1904). His father, an executive of the Le Soleil (The Sun) insurance brokerage, died of a stroke in Lyon's La Foux train station before his son's fourth birthday. His father's death would greatly affect the entire family, transforming their status to that of 'impoverished aristocrats'.

Saint-ExupÃ©ry was the third of five children, with three sisters and a younger blond-haired brother, FranÃ§ois, who at age 15 would tragically die of rheumatic fever contracted while both were attending the Marianist College Villa St. Jean in Fribourg, Switzerland, during World War I. Saint-ExupÃ©ry attended to his brother, his closest confidant, beside FranÃ§ois' death bed, and later wrote that FranÃ§ois "...remained motionless for an instant. He did not cry out. He fell as gently as a [young] tree falls", imagery which would much later be recrafted into the climactic ending of The Little Prince. At age 17, now the only "man" in the family following the death of his brother, the young author was left as distraught as his mother and sisters, but he soon assumed the mantle of a protector and took to consoling them.

After twice failing his final exams at a preparatory Naval Academy (intentionally, some believe), Saint-ExupÃ©ry entered the Ã‰cole des Beaux-Arts as an auditor to study architecture for 15 months, again without graduating, and then fell into the habit of accepting odd jobs. In 1921, Saint-ExupÃ©ry began his military service as a private soldier with the 2e RÃ©giment de chasseurs Ã cheval (2nd Regiment of light cavalry) and was sent to Neuhof, near Strasbourg. While there he took private flying lessons and the following year was offered a transfer from the French Army to the French Air Force. He received his pilot's wings after being posted to the 37th Fighter Regiment in Casablanca, Morocco. Later, being reposted to the 34th Aviation Regiment at Le Bourget on the outskirts of Paris, and then experiencing the first of his many aircraft crashes, Saint-ExupÃ©ry bowed to the objections of the family of his fiancÃ©e, future novelist Louise LÃ©vÃªque de Vilmorin, and left the air force to take an office job. The couple ultimately broke off their engagement and he worked at several more odd jobs without success over the next few years.

By 1926, Saint-ExupÃ©ry was flying again. He became one of the pioneers of international postal flight, in the days when aircraft had few instruments. Later he complained that those who flew the more advanced aircraft had become more like accountants than pilots. He worked for AÃ©ropostale between Toulouse and Dakar, and then also became the airline stopover manager for the Cape Juby airfield in the Spanish zone of South Morocco, in the Sahara desert. His duties included negotiating the safe release of downed fliers taken hostage by hostile Moors, a perilous task which earned him his first LÃ©gion d'honneur from the French Government.

In 1929, Saint-ExupÃ©ry was transferred to Argentina, where he was appointed director of the Aeroposta Argentina airline. He surveyed new air routes across South America, negotiated agreements, and even occasionally flew the airmail as well as search missions looking for downed fliers. This period of his life is briefly explored in Wings of Courage, an IMAX film by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud.

Writing career

Saint-ExupÃ©ry's first novella, L'Aviateur (The Aviator), was published in a short-lived literary magazine Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship). In 1929, his first book, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail) was published; his career as an aviator and journalist was about to begin. That same year, Saint-ExupÃ©ry flew the Casablancaâ€"Dakar route.

The 1931 publication of Vol de nuit (Night Flight) established Saint-ExupÃ©ry as a rising star in the literary world. It was the first of his major works to gain widespread acclaim and won the prix Femina. The novel mirrored his experiences as a mail pilot and director of the Aeroposta Argentina airline, based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. That same year, at Grasse, Saint-ExupÃ©ry married Consuelo Suncin (nÃ©e SuncÃn Sandoval), a twice-widowed Salvadoran writer and artist, who possessed a bohemian spirit and a "viper's tongue". Saint-ExupÃ©ry, thoroughly enchanted by the diminutive woman, would leave and then return to her many times â€" she was both his muse and, over the long term, the source of much of his angst. It was a stormy union, with Saint-ExupÃ©ry travelling frequently and indulging in numerous affairs, most notably with the Frenchwoman HÃ©lÃ¨ne de VogÃ¼Ã© (1908â€"2003), known as "Nelly" and referred to as "Madame de B." in Saint-ExupÃ©ry biographies. De VogÃ¼Ã© became Saint-ExupÃ©ry's literary executrix after his death, and also wrote her own Saint-ExupÃ©ry biography under a pseudonym, Pierre Chevrier.

Saint-ExupÃ©ry continued to write until the spring of 1943, when he left the United States with American troops bound for North Africa in World War II.

Desert crash

On 30 December 1935, at 2:45Â a.m., after 19 hours and 44 minutes in the air, Saint-ExupÃ©ry, along with his mechanic-navigator AndrÃ© PrÃ©vot, crashed in the Sahara desert. They were attempting to break the speed record in a Paris-to-Saigon air race (called a raid) and win a prize of 150,000Â francs. The crash site is thought to have been near the Wadi Natrun valley, close to the Nile Delta.

Both Saint-ExupÃ©ry and PrÃ©vot miraculously survived the crash, only to face rapid dehydration in the intense desert heat. Their maps were primitive and ambiguous, leaving them with no idea of their location. Lost among the sand dunes, their sole supplies were strawberries, ten oranges, a thermos of sweet juice, chocolate, a handful of crackers, and a small ration of wine. The pair had only one day's worth of liquid. They both began to see mirages and experience auditory hallucinations, which were quickly followed by more vivid hallucinations. By the second and third day, they were so dehydrated that they stopped sweating altogether. Finally, on the fourth day, a Bedouin on a camel discovered them and administered a native rehydration treatment that saved their lives. The near brush with death would figure prominently in his 1939 memoir, Wind, Sand and Stars, winner of several awards. Saint-ExupÃ©ry's classic novella The Little Prince, which begins with a pilot being marooned in the desert, is, in part, a reference to this experience.

American and Canadian sojourn and The Little Prince

Following the German invasion of France in 1940, Saint-Exupery flew a Bloch MB.174 with the GR II/33 reconnaissance squadron of the ArmÃ©e de l'Air.

After France's armistice with Germany, Saint-Exupery went into exile in North America, escaping through Portugal. He arrived in New York on the last day of 1940, with the intention of convincing the U.S. to enter the conflict against Nazi Germany quickly. On 14 January 1941, at a Hotel Astor author luncheon attended by approximately 1,500, he belatedly received his National Book Award for Wind, Sand and Stars, won a year earlier while he was occupied witnessing the destruction of the French Army. Consuelo followed him to New York several months later after a chaotic migration to the southern French town of OppÃ¨de, where she lived in an artist's commune, the basis of her autobiography, Kingdom of the Rocks: Memories of OppÃ¨de.

Between January 1941 and April 1943, the Saint-ExupÃ©rys lived in New York City's Central Park South in twin penthouse apartments, as well as The Bevin House mansion in Asharoken on Long Island, New York and a townhouse on Beekman Place in Manhattan.

Some researchers have implied that during his stay in the United States, Saint-ExupÃ©ry became intimate with Anne Morrow Lindbergh, wife of the famous American aviator Charles Lindbergh. Ironically, while his intention was to convince the U.S. Government of the need to fight fascism, both Anne and her husband Charles were strongly advocating against American intervention in the European war. Anne wrote a 41-page booklet, The Wave of the Future, in support of her husband, who was lobbying for a U.S.â€"German peace treaty similar to Stalin's treaty with Hitler. The Roosevelt administration subsequently attacked The Wave of the Future as "the bible of every American Nazi, Fascist, Bundist and Appeaser", and the booklet became one of the most despised writings of the period.

With further irony, Saint-ExupÃ©ry and Charles Lindbergh both became P-38 pilots during World War II, with a disgraced Lindbergh fighting surreptitiously in the Pacific War, and with Saint-ExupÃ©ry fighting and dying very publicly over the Mediterranean.

It was after Saint-ExupÃ©ry's arrival in the United States that the author adopted the hyphen within his surname, as he was annoyed with Americans addressing him as "Mr. ExupÃ©ry". It was also during this period that he authored Pilote de guerre (Flight to Arras), which earned widespread acclaim, and Lettre Ã un otage (Letter to a Hostage), dedicated to the 40 million French living under Nazi oppression, plus numerous shorter pieces in support of France. The Saint-ExupÃ©rys also resided in Quebec City, Canada for several weeks during the late spring of 1942, during which time they met a precocious eight-year-old boy with blond curly hair, Thomas, the son of philosopher Charles De Koninck, with whom the Saint-ExupÃ©rys resided.

After he returned from his stay in Quebec, which had been fraught with illness and stress, the French wife of one of his publishers helped persuade Saint-ExupÃ©ry to produce a children's book, hoping to calm his nerves and also compete with the new series of Mary Poppins stories by P.L. Travers. Saint-ExupÃ©ry wrote and illustrated The Little Prince in New York City and the village of Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, with the manuscript being completed in October. It would be first published months later in early 1943 in both English and French in the United States, and would only later appear in his native homeland posthumously after the liberation of France, as his works had been banned by the collaborationist Vichy Regime.

Return to war

In April 1943, following his 27 months in North America, Saint-ExupÃ©ry departed with an American military convoy for Algiers, to fly with the Free French Air Force and fight with the Allies in a Mediterranean-based squadron. Then 43, soon to be promoted to the rank of commandant (major), he was far older than most men in operational units. Although eight years over the age limit for such pilots, he had petitioned endlessly for an exemption which had finally been approved by General Dwight Eisenhower. However, Saint-ExupÃ©ry had been suffering pain and immobility due to his many previous crash injuries, to the extent that he could not dress himself in his own flight suit or even turn his head leftwards to check for enemy aircraft.

Saint-ExupÃ©ry was assigned with a number of other pilots to F-5 Lightnings, which an officer described as "war-weary, non-airworthy craft". The Lightnings were also more sophisticated than models he previously flew, requiring him to undertake seven weeks of stringent training before his first mission. After wrecking a P-38 through engine failure on his second mission, he was grounded for eight months, but was then later reinstated to flight duty on the personal intervention of General Ira Eaker, Deputy Commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces.

After Saint-ExupÃ©ry resumed flying, he also returned to his longtime habit of reading and writing while flying his single seat F-5B (a specially configured P-38 reconnaissance variant). His prodigious studies of literature gripped him, and on occasion he continued his readings of literary works until moments before takeoff, with mechanics having warmed up and tested his aircraft for him in preparation for his flight. On one flight, to the chagrin of his colleagues awaiting his arrival, he circled the airport for an hour after returning, so that he could finish reading a novel. Saint-ExupÃ©ry frequently flew with a lined notebook (carnet) during his long solitary flights, and some of his philosophical writings were created during such periods when he could reflect on the world below him.

Disappearance

Prior to his return to flight duties with his squadron in North Africa, the collaborationist Vichy Regime unilaterally promoted Saint-ExupÃ©ry as one of its members â€" quite a shock to the author. Subsequently, French General (later, French President) Charles de Gaulle, whom Saint-ExupÃ©ry and others held in low regard, publicly implied that the author-pilot was supporting Germany. Depressed at this, he began to drink heavily. Additionally, his health, both physically and mentally, had been deteriorating. Saint-ExupÃ©ry was said to be intermittently subject to depression and there was discussion of taking him off flying status.

Saint-ExupÃ©ry's last assigned reconnaissance mission was to collect intelligence on German troop movements in and around the Rhone Valley preceding the Allied invasion of southern France ("Operation Dragoon"). Although he had been reinstated to his old squadron with the provision that he was to fly only five missions, on 31 July 1944, he took off in an unarmed P-38 on his ninth reconnaissance mission from an airbase on Corsica. To the great alarm of the squadron compatriots who revered him, he did not return, dramatically vanishing without a trace. Word of his disappearance shortly spread across the literary world and then into international headlines. A French woman reported much later having watched an aircraft crash around noon near the Bay of Carqueiranne off Toulon. An unidentifiable body wearing French uniform was found several days after his disappearance, east of the Frioul archipelago south of Marseille, and buried in Carqueiranne in September.

Discovery at sea

In September 1998, Jean-Claude Bianco, a fisherman, found east of Riou Island, south of Marseille, a silver identity bracelet (gourmette) bearing the names of Saint-ExupÃ©ry and of his wife Consuelo and his American publisher, Reynal & Hitchcock, hooked to a piece of fabric, presumably from his flight suit. The recovery of his bracelet was an emotionally laden event in France, where Saint-ExupÃ©ry had by then assumed the mantle of a national icon, and some disputed its authenticity as it was found far from his intended flight path, implying that the aircraft may not have been shot down.

In May 2000, Luc Vanrell, a diver, found the partial remains of a Lockheed P-38 Lightning spread over thousands of square metres of the seabed off the coast of Marseille, near to where the bracelet was previously found. The discovery galvanized the country, which for decades had conducted searches for his aircraft and speculated on Saint-ExupÃ©ry's fate. After a two-year delay imposed by the French government, the remnants of the aircraft were recovered in October 2003.

On 7 April 2004, Patrick Granjean, head of the French Ministry of Culture, Captain Frederic Solano of the French Air Force, plus investigators from the French Underwater Archaeological Department confirmed that the remnants of the crash wreckage were, indeed, from Saint-ExupÃ©ry's P-38 F-5B reconnaissance variant.

No marks or holes attributable to gunfire were found; however, that was not considered significant as only a small portion of the aircraft was recovered. In June 2004, the fragments were given to the Air and Space Museum in Le Bourget, Paris, where Saint-ExupÃ©ry's life is commemorated in a special exhibit.

The location of the crash site and the bracelet are less than 80Â km by sea from where the unidentified French serviceman was found in Carqueiranne, and it remains plausible, but has not been confirmed, that the body was carried there by sea currents after the crash over the course of several days.

Speculations in 1948 and 2008

In 1948, former Luftwaffe telegrapher Rev. Hermann Korth made public his war logs, noting an instance on July 31 around midday where a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 downed a P-38 Lightning, which ostensibly supported a shoot-down hypothesis for Saint-Exupery. Though popular in the 1960s and 70s, Korthâ€™s log was met with skepticism, as it described aerial combat, which was dissonant with the fact that Saint-Exuperyâ€™s plane was unarmed. Evidence exists, however, of a P-38 flown by Second Lieutenant Gene Meredith downed in combat on July 30 around the same location.

Luftwaffe reconnaissance pilot Robert Heichele was shot down on 16 August 1944 and died five days later; he is buried in the German military cemetery at Dagneux, France. Issue No. 725 of the German magazine "Der Landser" quoted a purported letter from Heichele in which he claimed to have shot down a P-38 on 31 July 1944. The credibility of this letter is suspect because it claims that Heichele and his wingman were flying the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9, a variant which did not equip his unit, 2./NahaufklÃ¤rungsgruppe 13, and had not yet entered Luftwaffe service. The letter also claims that the hostile aircraft initiated an attack on the Germans whereas Saint-ExupÃ©ry was flying an unarmed F-5 reconnaissance variant. In the lists held by the Bundesarchiv-MilitÃ¤rarchiv no victory is accredited to Heichele or his unit in July or August 1944; the decrypted report of the day's reconnaissance missions by the parent formation, Fliegerdivision 2 does not include any flights by 2./NAG 13's Fw 190s.

In 2008, a French journalist from La Provence, investigating Saint-Exupery's death, contacted hundreds of former Luftwaffe pilots, eventually getting an account from Horst Rippert, who believed he shot down Saint-Exupery. After the war, Rippert's memoirs expressed both fears and doubts that he was responsible, but in 2003 he stated he became certain when he learned the location of Saint-Exuperyâ€™s wreckage. Rippert stated he reported the kill over his radio, but no documents exist to verify his account. Former Luftwaffe comrades reacted with skepticism to Rippert's claim, as he held it private for 64 years.

Two French and German books discuss the alleged Saint-Exupery shoot-down. Very little German documentation survived the war, and contemporary archival sources, consisting of allied intercepts of Luftwaffe signals, offer no evidence to verify Rippertâ€™s account. Thus, Rippertâ€™s claim remains a hypothesis until proven otherwise, and the cause of Saint-Exuperyâ€™s death remains unsolved.

Literary works

While not precisely autobiographical, much of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's work is inspired by his experiences as a pilot. One notable example is his novella, The Little Prince, a poetic tale self-illustrated in watercolours in which a pilot stranded in the desert meets a young prince fallen to Earth from a tiny asteroid. The Little Prince is a philosophical story, including societal criticism, remarking on the strangeness of the adult world. One biographer wrote of his most famous work: "Rarely have an author and a character been so intimately bound together as Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry and his Little Prince," and remarking of their dual fates, "...the two remain tangled together, twin innocents who fell from the sky." Saint-ExupÃ©ry's notable literary works (published English translations in brackets) are constituted by:

L'Aviateur (1926) (The Aviator, in the anthology A Sense of Life)
Courrier sud (1929) (Southern Mail) â€" made as a movie in French
Vol de nuit (1931) (Night Flight) â€" winner of the full prix Femina, and made twice as a movie and a TV film, both in English
Terre des hommes (1939) â€" winner of the Grand Prix du roman de l'AcadÃ©mie franÃ§aise

Wind, Sand and Stars (simultaneous distinct English version) â€" winner of the U.S. National Book Award

Pilote de guerre (1942) (titled in English as: Flight to Arras) â€" winner of the Grand Prix LittÃ©raire de l'AÃ©ro-Club de France
Le petit prince (1943) (The Little Prince), posthumous in France â€" translated into more than 250 languages and dialects, and among the top three selling books in the world; made as both movies and TV films in a number of languages, and adapted to numerous other media in many languages
Lettre Ã un otage (1944) (Letter to a Hostage, posthumous in English)

Published posthumously

Citadelle (1948) (titled in English: as The Wisdom of the Sands) â€" winner of the Prix des Ambassadeurs
Lettres Ã une jeune fille (1950)
Lettres de jeunesse, 1923â€"1931 (1953)
Lettres Ã l'amie inventÃ©e (1953)
Carnets (1953)
Lettres Ã sa mÃ¨re (1955)
Un sens Ã la vie (1956), (A Sense of Life)
Lettres de Saint-ExupÃ©ry (1960)
Lettres aux americains (1960)
Ã‰crits de guerre, 1939â€"1944 (1982) (Wartime Writings, 1939â€"1944)
Manon, danseuse (2007)
Lettres Ã l'inconnue (2008)

Other works

During the 1930s, Saint-ExupÃ©ry led a mixed life as an aviator, journalist, author and publicist for Air France, AÃ©ropostale's successor. His journalistic writings for Paris-Soir, Marianne and other newspapers covered events in Indochina and the Far East (1934), the Mediterranean, Soviet Union and Moscow (1935), and the Spanish Civil War (1936â€"1937). Saint-ExupÃ©ry additionally wrote a number of shorter pieces, essays and commentaries for various other newspapers and magazines.

Notable among those during World War II was An Open Letter To Frenchmen Everywhere, which was highly controversial in its attempt to rally support for France against Nazi oppression at a time when the French were sharply divided between support of the Gaullists and Vichy factions. It was published in The New York Times Magazine in November 1942, and also in its original French in Le Canada, de MontrÃ©al at the same time, and in Pour la Victoire the following month. Other shorter pieces include (in French except where translated by others to English):

"Une Lettre de M. de Saint-ExupÃ©ry", Les Annales politiques et littÃ©raires, 15 December 1931; (extracts from a letter written to Benjamin CrÃ©mieux).
preface of Destin de Le Brix by JosÃ© le Boucher, Nouvelle Librairie FranÃ§aise, 1932.
preface of Grandeur et servitude de l'aviation by Maurice Bourdet, Paris: Editions CorrÃªa, 1933.
"Reflections on War", translated from Paris-Soir and published in Living Age, November 1938, pp.Â 225â€"228.
preface of Vent se lÃ¨ve (French translation of Listen! The Wind) by Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Paris: Editions CorrÃªa, 1939.
preface of Pilotes d'essai by Jean-Marie Conty, Paris: Edition Spes, 1939.
"Books I Remember", Harper's Bazaar, April, 1941.
"Letter to Young Americans", The American High School Weekly, 25 May 1942, pp.Â 17â€"18.
"Voulez-vous, FranÃ§ais, vous reconcilier?", Le Canada, de Montreal, 30 November 1942.
"L'Homme et les Ã©lÃ©ments", Confluences, 1947, Vol. VII, pp.Â 12â€"14 (issue dedicated to Saint-ExupÃ©ry; originally published in English in 1939 as 'The Elements' in Wind, Sand and Stars).
"Lettre InÃ©dite au General C", Le Figaro LittÃ©raire, 10 April 1948 (posthumous).
"Seigneur BerbÃ¨re", La Table Ronde, No. 7, July 1948 (posthumous).

Censorship and publication bans

Pilote de guerre (Flight To Arras), describing the German invasion of France, was slightly censored when it was released in its original French in his homeland, by removing a derogatory remark made of Hitler (which French publisher Gallimard failed to reinsert in subsequent editions after World War II). However, shortly after the book's release in France, Nazi appeasers and Vichy supporters objected to its praise of one of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's squadron colleagues, Captain Jean IsraÃ«l, who was portrayed as being amongst the squadron's bravest defenders during the Battle of France. In support of their German occupiers and masters, Vichy authorities attacked the author as a defender of Jews (in racist terms) leading to the praised book being banned in France, along with prohibitions against further printings of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's other works. Prior to France's liberation new printings of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's works were made available there only by means of covert print runs, such as that of February 1943 when 1,000 copies of an underground version of Pilote de guerre were printed in Lyon.

A further complication occurred due to Saint-ExupÃ©ry's and others' view of General Charles de Gaulle, who was held in low regard. Early in the war, de Gaulle became the leader of the Free French Forces in exile, with his headquarters in London. Even though both men were working to free France from Nazi occupation, Saint-ExupÃ©ry viewed de Gaulle with apprehension as a possible post-war dictator, and consequently provided no public support to the General. In response, de Gaulle struck back at the author by implying that the author was a German supporter, and then had his literary works banned in France's North African colonies. Saint-ExupÃ©ry's writings were, with irony, banned simultaneously in both occupied France and Free France.

Extension of copyrights in France

Due to Saint-ExupÃ©ry's wartime death, his estate received the civil code designation Mort pour la France (English: Died for France), which was applied by the French Government in 1948. Amongst the law's provisions is an increase of 30 years to the duration of the original copyright's duration of 70 years; thus most of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's creative works will not fall out of copyright status in France for an extra 30 years.

Honours and legacy

Images of remembrance

Saint-ExupÃ©ry is commemorated with an inscription in the PanthÃ©on in Paris, France's repository of historical greats. Although his body was never identified, his name was added to the PanthÃ©on in November 1967 by a French legislative act. The inscription reads: "A LA MÃ‰MOIRE DE â€¢ ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY â€¢ POÃˆTE ROMANCIER AVIATEUR â€¢ DISPARU AU COURS D'UNE MISSION â€¢ DE RECONNAISSANCE AÃ‰RIENNE â€¢ LE 31 JUILLET 1944" (To the memory of Antoine de Saint Exupery, poet, novelist, aviator, missing during an aerial reconnaissance mission, 31 July 1944). Amongst other honours from France, he was named a Chevalier de la LÃ©gion d'honneur in April 1931, promoted to an Officier de la LÃ©gion d'honneur in January 1939 and also posthumously awarded the Croix de guerre avec Palme in 1944.
From 1993 until the introduction of the euro, Saint-ExupÃ©ry's portrait and several of his drawings from The Little Prince appeared on France's 50-franc banknote. The French Government also later minted a 100-franc commemorative coin, with Saint-ExupÃ©ry on its obverse side, and the Little Prince on its reverse. Brass-plated souvenir Monnaie de Paris commemorative medallions were also created in his honour, depicting the pilot's portrait over the P-38 Lightning aircraft he last flew.
In 1999, the Government of Quebec and Quebec City added a historical marker to the family home of Charles De Koninck, head of the Department of Philosophy at UniversitÃ© Laval, where the Saint-ExupÃ©rys stayed while lecturing in Canada for several weeks during May and June 1942.
In 2000, on the centenary of his birth, in the city where he was born, the Lyon Satolas Airport was renamed the Lyon-Saint ExupÃ©ry Airport in his honour. Lyon's TGV bullet train station was also renamed as Gare de Lyon Saint-ExupÃ©ry. The author is additionally commemorated by a statue in Lyon, depicting a seated Saint-ExupÃ©ry with the little prince standing behind him.

Museums and exhibits

Museum exhibits, exhibitions and theme villages dedicated to both him and his diminutive Little Prince have been created in Le Bourget, Paris and other locations in France, as well as in the Republic of South Korea, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, the United States and Canada.

The Air and Space Museum at Paris's Le Bourget Airport, in cooperation with The Estate of Saint-Exupery-d'Agay, have created a permanent exhibit of 300 mÂ² dedicated to the author, pilot, person and humanist. The Espace Saint ExupÃ©ry exhibit, officially inaugurated on the aviator's birthday in 2006, traces each stage of his life as an airmail pioneer, eclectic intellectual-artist and military pilot. It includes artifacts from his life: photographs, his drawings, letters, some of his original notebooks (carnets) he scribbled in voluminously and which were later published posthumously, plus remnants of the unarmed P-38 he flew on his last reconnaissance mission and which were recovered from the Mediterranean Sea.
In Tarfaya, Morocco, next to the Cape Juby airfield where Saint-ExupÃ©ry was based as an AÃ©ropostale airmail pilot/station manager, an exhibit was created honouring both him and the company. A small monument at the airfield is also dedicated to them.
In Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, and Hakone, Japan, theme village museums have been created honouring Saint-ExupÃ©ry's Little Prince.
In January 1995, the Alberta Aviation Museum of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in conjunction with the cultural organization Alliance franÃ§aise, presented a showing of Saint-ExupÃ©ry letters, watercolours, sketches and photographs.
In SÃ£o Paulo, Brazil, through 2009, the Oca Art Exhibition Centre presented Saint-ExupÃ©ry and The Little Prince as part of The Year of France and The Little Prince. The displays covered over 10,000 mÂ² on four floors, and chronicled Saint-ExupÃ©ry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed through theme areas of the desert, asteroids, stars and the cosmos. The ground floor of the giant exhibition was laid out as a huge map of the routes flown by the author with Aeropostale in South America and around the world. Also included was a full-scale replica of the author's crashed Caudron Simoun, lying wrecked on the ground of a simulated Libyan desert following his disastrous Paris-Saigon race attempt. The miraculous survival of Saint-ExupÃ©ry and his mechanic/navigator was subsequently chronicled in the award-winning memoir Wind, Sand and Stars (Terre des hommes), and also formed the introduction of his most famous work The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince).
In 2011, the City of Toulouse, France, home of Airbus and the pioneering airmail carrier AÃ©ropostale, in conjunction with the Estate of Saint-Exupery-d'Agay and the Youth Foundation of Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry, hosted a major exposition on Saint-ExupÃ©ry and his experience with AÃ©ropostale. The exposition, titled L'annÃ©e Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry Ã Toulouse, exhibited selected personal artifacts of the author-aviator, including gloves, photos, posters, maps, manuscripts, drawings, models of the aircraft he flew, some of the wreckage from his Sahara Desert plane crash, and the personal silver identification bracelet engraved with his and Consuelo's name, presented by his U.S. publisher, which was recovered from his last, ultimate crash site in the Mediterranean Sea.
On 27 February 2012, Russia's Ulyanovsk State University inaugurated its new International Saint-ExupÃ©ry Centre, led by its Director, Elena Mironova, an associate professor of French. The center will serve as a permanent museum dedicated to the author-aviator, as well as a cultural and linguistics center for the university. The museum was established with the assistance of Civil Aviation College teacher Nikolai Yatsenko, an author of 12 publications on Saint-ExupÃ©ry who personally donated some 6,000 related items. Located in Ulyanovsk, the university's new center will also help support the study of international languages in a city which promotes itself as a major aerospace and cultural centre. The centre's opening was attended by Ulyanovsk Governor Sergey Morozov, Sergey Krasnov of the Ulyanovsk Civil Aviation College and other aerospace and academic dignitaries, as well as Veronique Jober, Sorbonne professor of Slavic languages, who addressed the audience by video link from Paris.
A number of other prominent exhibitions were created in France and the United States, many of them in 2000, honouring the centenary of the author-aviator's birth.
In January 2014, New York City's Morgan Library & Museum featured a major three-month-long exhibition, The Little Prince: A New York Story. Celebrating the 70th anniversary year of the novella's publication, its exhibits included many of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's original manuscript pages, his story's preliminary drawings and watercolor paintings, and also examined Saint-ExupÃ©ry's creative writing processes.

International

Saint-ExupÃ©ry's 1939 memoir Terre des hommes (titled as Wind, Sand and Stars in English) was chosen to create the central theme (Terre des Hommesâ€"Man and His World) of the 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal, Canada (Expo '67), the most successful world's fair of the 20th century. The central theme, which also generated the 17 subsidiary elements used for the world's fair, was elucidated at a 1963 Montebello, Quebec, conference held with some of Canada's leading thinkers. At Montebello, French-Canadian author Gabrielle Roy helped choose the central theme by quoting Saint-ExupÃ©ry on mankind's place in the universe:

Additionally, MichÃ¨le Lalonde and AndrÃ© PrÃ©vost's oratorio Terre des hommes, performed at the Place des Nations opening ceremonies and attended by the international delegates of the participating countries, strongly projected the French writer's 'idealist rhetoric'. The Countess de Saint ExupÃ©ry (1901â€"1979), Saint-ExupÃ©ry's widow, was also a guest of honour at the opening ceremonies of the world's fair.

Asteroid 2578 Saint-ExupÃ©ry, discovered in November 1975 by Russian astronomer Tamara Smirnova and provisionally cataloged as Asteroid 1975 VW3, was renamed in the author-aviator's honour. Another asteroid was named as 46610 BÃ©sixdouze (translated to and from both hexidecimal and French as 'B612'). Additionally the terrestrial-asteroid protection organization B612 Foundation was named in tribute to the author's Little Prince, who fell to Earth from Asteroid B-612.
Philatelic tributes have been printed in at least 25 other countries as of 2011. Only three years after his death, the pilot-aviator was first featured on an 8 franc French West Africa airmail stamp (Scott Catalog # C11). France followed several months later in 1948 with an 80 franc airmail stamp honouring him (CB1), and later with another stamp honouring both him and airmail pioneer Jean Mermoz, plus the supersonic Concorde passenger airliner, in 1970 (C43). In commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the writer's death, Israel issued a stamp honoring "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.
In Argentina and Brazil, where Saint-ExupÃ©ry became the founding director of the pioneering South American airmail airline Aeroposta Argentina:
- the Aguja Saint Exupery is a mountain peak located near the Cerro ChaltÃ©n (also known as Monte Fitz Roy) in the Los Glaciares National Park in Patagonia, Argentina, The mountain peak is named in Saint-ExupÃ©ry's honour;
- the San Antonio Oeste municipal airport was named Aerodromo Saint Exupery. A small museum exhibit resides in the airport building;
- the small Brazilian airport serving OcauÃ§u, SÃ£o Paulo is named after the pilot, and
- several Argentinian schools are also named after the author-aviator.

Institutions and schools

In 1960 the humanitarian organization Terre des hommes, named after Saint-ExupÃ©ry's 1939 philosophical memoir Terre des hommes (titled as Wind, Sand and Stars in English), was founded in Lausanne, Switzerland by Edmond Kaiser. Other Terre des Hommes societies were later organized in more countries with similar social aid and humanitarian goals. The several independent groups joined together to form a new umbrella organization, Terre des Hommes-FÃ©dÃ©ration Internationale (TDHFI, in English: International Federation of Terre des Hommes, or IFTDH). The national constituents first met in 1966 to formalize their new parent organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. As of 2009 eleven organizations in Canada, Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and Syria belonged to the Federation. An important part of their works is their consulting role to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
In June 2009, the Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry Youth Foundation (FASEJ) was founded in Paris by the Saint-ExupÃ©ryâ€"d'Agay Estate, to promote education, art, culture, health and sports for youth worldwide, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds. This organization, which follows Saint-ExupÃ©ry's philosophies and his memory, was financed in part by the sale of one of his original 1936 handwritten manuscripts at a Sotheby's auction for â‚¬312,750.
Numerous public schools, lycÃ©es, high schools, colleges and technical schools have been named in honour of Saint-ExupÃ©ry across France, Europe, QuÃ©bec and South America, as well as at least one in Africa. The Ã‰cole Antoine de Saint-ExupÃ©ry de Kigali, a French international school in Rwanda, is named after him.

Other

Numerous other tributes have been awarded to honour Saint-ExupÃ©ry and his most famous literary creation, his Little Prince:

The GR I/33 (later renamed as the 1/33 Belfort Squadron), one of the French Air Force squadrons Saint-ExupÃ©ry flew with, adopted the image of the Little Prince as part of the squadron and tail insignia on its Dassault Mirage fighter jets.
Google celebrated Saint-Exupery's 110th birthday with a special logotype depicting the little prince being hoisted through the heavens by a flock of birds.
Numerous streets and place names are named after the author-aviator throughout France and other countries.
Cafe Saint-Ex, a popular bar and nightclub in Washington, D.C. near the U-Street corridor, holds Saint-ExupÃ©ry as its name source.
International Watch Company (IWC) has created many St Exupery tribute versions of several of their wristwatch lines, with the distinctive 'A' from his signature featured on the dial.
The American aviation magazine Flying ranked Saint-Exupery number 41 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".

In popular culture

Film

Wings of Courage is a 1995 docudrama by French director Jean-Jacques Annaud. The movie was the world's first dramatic picture shot in the IMAX-format, and is an account of the true story of early airmail pilots Henri Guillaumet (played by Craig Sheffer), Saint-ExupÃ©ry played by Tom Hulce, and several others.
Saint-ExupÃ©ry and his wife Consuelo were portrayed by Bruno Ganz and Miranda Richardson in the 1997 biopic Saint-Ex, a British film biography of the French author-pilot. It also featured Eleanor Bron and was filmed and distributed in the United Kingdom, with scripting by Frank Cottrell Boyce. The film combines elements of biography, documentary, and dramatic recreation.
A 2004 German short dramatic film, "Der letzte Flug" (The Last Flight), portrays a fictional Luftwaffe pilot, Lieutenant Henrici MÃ¼ller, who returns to his airbase on 31 July 1944 after having shot down a reconnaissance version Lightning during a mission to Corsica. He learns in the film's final moments that the missing pilot is Saint-ExupÃ©ry. The same Lufwaffe pilot is shown as an elderly man reminiscing that fateful day. He concludes the drama by reciting the final paragraph from The Little Prince. The 11-minute film was directed and written by Roger Moench, and starred AndrÃ© Hennicke.

Literature

After his disappearance, Consuelo de Saint ExupÃ©ry wrote The Tale of the Rose, which was published in 2000 and subsequently translated into 16 languages.
Saint-ExupÃ©ry is mentioned in Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff: "A saint in short, true to his name, flying up here at the right hand of God. The good Saint-Ex! And he was not the only one. He was merely the one who put it into words most beautifully and anointed himself before the altar of the right stuff."
In 2000, Jean-Pierre de Villers wrote a novella telling the imagined story of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's last flight, The Last Flight of the Little Prince.
Comic-book author Hugo Pratt imagined the fantastic story of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's last flight in Saint-ExupÃ©ry: le dernier vol (1994).
Saint-ExupÃ©ry is the subject of the 2013 historical novel Studio Saint-Ex (Knopf, New York / Penguin, Canada) by Ania Szado. In the novel Saint-ExupÃ©ry awaits the Americans' entry into World War II, while writing The Little Prince in New York.

Music

Saint-ExupÃ©ry's death and speculation that Horst Rippert shot him down are the subject of "Saint Ex", a song on Widespread Panic's eleventh studio album, Dirty Side Down.

Theatre

In August 2011, the world premiere of Saint-Ex, a theatrical production of Saint-ExupÃ©ry's life, was launched at the Weston Playhouse in Weston, Vermont. The live theatre musical explores in drama and song the aviator-author's early life, the aerial band-of-brothers he flew with at AÃ©ropostale, and the raucous relations between him and his fiery Latin writer-artist wife, born Consuelo SuncÃn Sandoval ZeceÃ±a. The production was written by the husband and wife team of lyricist Sean Barry and composer Jenny Giering, and staged with the assistance of director Matt Castle and set designer Tim Mackabee, plus choreography by Jennifer Turey. The leading cast members include Alexander Gemignani (playing Saint-ExupÃ©ry), Krysta Rodriguez (playing his tempestuous wife Consuelo), Cass Morgan (Saint-ExupÃ©ry's mother, author Countess Marie de Fonscolombe), plus Charlie Brady (AÃ©ropostale pilot and Air France director Henri Guillaumet). Although the musical production successfully debuted on 25 August 2011, the theatre was soon deluged with two-to-four metres of water generated by Hurricane Irene, which struck the east coast of the United States three days later. After pumping the floodwaters from the building and partially restoring the costumes and stage sets, the musical production "resurfaced" on 2 September.